・
こんにちは！

数回にわたり、関係代名詞について説明しました。
今日からは関係副詞について説明します。

【関係副詞とは何か / WhereとWhen】

関係副詞はWhen/Where/Why/Howなどを使って、関係代名詞と同じく先行詞を修飾する形容詞節を作ります。

先行詞がある場合もありますが、省略されてしまって無い場合もあります。
今回はWhereとWhenの例を見てみましょう。

This is the house [where I lived (until last year)].
(S)　(V)　(C)　　　　　[(S)(V)]

「これが私が去年まで住んでいた家です」

このように、関係副詞節が先行詞”the house”を修飾して「私が住んでいた家」となっています。

関係副詞は、「副詞」とついていますが、節全体で形容詞節を作ります。
これは、関係副詞節（従属節）内で、元々副詞だったものが関係副詞になっているからです。

上の”where”の例で言うと、元々は”there“だったと考えると分かりやすいです。
“I lived there until last year”の副詞”there”を関係副詞”where”の形にして、従属節の文頭に出しているので、関係副詞と言う名前なんですね。

なので、名前は関係副詞ですが、関係副詞が作る節は「形容詞節」で、先行詞を修飾します。

※上記の文は以下の2つに分割できると考えると分かりやすいかも。

1:This is the house.
2:I lived there until last year.

there = the house

Whenの例も見てみましょう。

I (never) forget the moment [when he scored a goal (in the final game)].
(S)　　　(V)　　　(O)　　　　　[(S)　(V)　(O)]

「彼が決勝でゴールを決めた瞬間を決して忘れない」

関係副詞whenは、従属節の中で”then”とおくと分かりやすいです。
“He scored a goal then in the final game”と考え、”then”を”when”に置き換えて節の頭に出すことで、先行詞を修飾しています。

【関係代名詞との違い】

関係代名詞節では、主格の場合は主語が、目的格の場合は目的語が無いため、不完全な文になっていました。

[主格]
I want to go to the restaurant which was rated as 5 stars in the guide book.
→whichの後ろの主語(S)がない

「ガイドブックで5つ星の評価をされているレストランに行きたい」

[目的格]
The sushi which I ate in Japan was the best ever.
→whichの後ろの目的語(O)がない

「日本で食べたお寿司がこれまでで一番美味しかった」

しかし、関係副詞の文ではSVOCの骨格にあたる部分は消えずに残り、完全な文になることに注意してください。

The Japanese restaurant where I ate sushi was the best ever.
→whereの後ろは”I ate sushi”と、SVOの完全な文が出来ている

「私がお寿司を食べた日本食レストランは、これまでで一番美味しかった」

今日は関係副詞について説明しました。

次回は他の関係副詞について説明します。

それではまた来週！

Hello there, I hope you are doing well.

Gone are the rainy days and we’ll be expecting cold, sunny days from here until the foreseeable future. Any plans for this weekend?

https://japantoday.com/category/politics/update-1-japan’s-pm-suga-under-pressure-over-predecessor’s-scandal

Let’s start the article with a bit of domestic news. Ex-prime minister Shinzo Abe is now being questioned for his “cherry blossom viewing parties” he held when he was in position. Officials are saying that he has spent millions of yen, as well as has invited his supporters. Some say this equates to vote buying, that of which is frowned upon and illegal. Read more into it and let me know what you think!

ー初めにー

Today’s Fill-In-The-Blanks Quiz:

Here’s last week’s song:

(Fast forward to 1:12)

I’ve been walking through,  a world gone blind

Can’t stop thinking of your diamond mind

Careful creature, made friends with time

He left her lonely with a diamond mind and those ocean eyes

Here’s this week’s song:

(Fast forward to 0:47)

Do you got plans _______ ?

I’m a _______ hundred miles from _____ and I

And I was thinking if I could ___ to your hotel tonight

Cause I can’t get you off my _____

Can’t ___ you off my ____

ー続いてー

Today’s Idiom:

“a wake-up call”

It can be taken either in its literal form (文字通り), which means a call to wake you up when you need to, or its figurative/metaphorical meaning (比喩表現), which means to take action when something needs to change or be changed.

Here’s a sample dialogue:

A: Honestly, I was feeling lazy these past few weeks, but then my TV broke and I had nothing to do at home, but think.

B: Oh, no! You’re going to miss out on the variety shows we both love!

A: Yeah, but also it’s a wake-up call for me. I have to start working on my projects again before I can relax.

This phrase can be used in both formal and casual situations and for additional help, here’s a video of the same idiom explained in a simpler way:

I hope this helps!

ー最後にー

Today’s Column:

https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/25/christmas-and-covid-is-mixing-households-a-good-idea

In the UK, the government has imposed a three-household rule, which means that for the holidays, three people at most can stay indoors to celebrate. In this article, we’ll look into what four people think about this rule. Some will gladly take it to be able to take a step back and enjoy the moment with their family or friends, but others will choose to stay away from their loved ones for safety and a peace of mind.

Remember to take care of yourself and stay safe.

Ryo

・
こんにちは！

今回で第5回目の関係代名詞回ですね。
テーマは「前置詞＋関係代名詞」です。

“in which”とかそういうやつですね。
苦手な方もいると思うので、できる限り噛み砕いて説明します。

【前置詞＋関係代名詞とは】

まず、前置詞＋関係代名詞の例文を見てみましょう。

例1
This is the house in which Kenji Miyazawa lived.
(≒In the house, Kenji Miyazawa lived)

「これが、宮沢賢治が住んでいた家です」

関係代名詞whichの前に、前置詞inが入っています。
whichの代わりに先行詞”the house”を入れて読むと分かりやすいと思います。

上記の例文は、inを前に持ってくることなく、liveの後ろにおいてもOKです。

○　This is the house which Kenji Miyazawa lived in.

では、前置詞を関係代名詞の前に出す文と、そうでない文で何が違うのでしょうか。

一言で言うと、前置詞を前に出す文の方が「改まった」「フォーマルな」言い方になります。

固い文書を読む時にもよく出てきますので、覚えておきましょう。

非制限用法の例も挙げておきます。

例2
I watched Takeshi Kitano’s award-winning movie, in which the director himself appeared.

「北野武監督の受賞作を観ましたが、その作品には監督本人が出演しています」

【前置詞＋関係代名詞の注意点】

関係代名詞の前に前置詞を持ってくる場合、注意すべきことが2つあります。

(1)関係代名詞の省略ができない

目的格の関係代名詞はよく省略されるのですが、「前置詞＋関係代名詞」の場合、関係代名詞を省略できません。

The company for which I had been working three years got bankrupt.
(×　The company for I had been working three years got bankrupt.は不可)

「私が3年間働いていた会社は倒産しました。」

前置詞を後置する場合は省略可能です。

○　The company I had been working for three years got bankrupt.

(2)句動詞として結びつきの強い「自動詞＋前置詞」は前に出せない

「laugh at」や「go through」など、動詞と前置詞の結びつきが強い句動詞は、分解できません。そのため、後置します。

He is the man whom we cannot do without for the work.
(×　He is the man without whom we cannot do for the work.は不可)

「彼はこの仕事に欠かせない男です」

※do without〜「〜なしで済ませる」　これも分解できません

今日は「前置詞＋関係代名詞」について説明しました。
フォーマルなライティングのためにも是非とも習得したいですね。

それではまた！

Hello there, I hope you are doing well.

The weather has been quite erratic the past few days!

Please try to look after your health!

https://japantoday.com/category/national/jal-test-flies-drone-to-carry-relief-goods-in-mountainous-area

It’s a given that a lot of airline companies have suffered from losses this year due to the pandemic. However, JAL is looking into other sources of income and according to this article, they’re currently trying out drones carrying goods. This would be beneficial for those who are stuck or caught in a pinch because of a natural disaster. What do you think? Do you think this is a good source of income or do you think otherwise?

ー初めにー

Today’s Fill-In-The-Blanks Quiz:

Here’s last week’s song:

(Fast forward to 1:20)

Bring a friend, join the crowd ; Whoever wanna come along

Word up, talk the talk ; Just move like we off the wall

Day or night the sky‘s alight ; So we dance to the break of dawn

Ladies and gentlemen, I got the medicine ; So you should keep your eye on the ball

Here’s this week’s song:

(Fast forward to 1:12)

I’ve been walking _______,  a _____ gone blind

Can’t stop ________ of your diamond mind

Careful creature, made _______ with time

He left her ______ with a diamond mind and those _____ eyes

ー続いてー

Today’s Idiom:

“to be on the same wavelength”

When you have the same opinion as someone else, whether you agree or disagree with the same things, that means you two are on the same wavelength. Sometimes, we also use the phrase, “to be on the same page”.

Here’s a sample dialogue:

A: I wouldn’t be available for a meeting next week because I’ll go on a business trip, but I don’t mind having a teleconference, if that’s fine with you.

B: Actually (実は), I was thinking of the same thing. It might be easier for us to have an online meeting.

A: Alright, it’s good that we’re on the same page. Would Monday at 3 PM be convenient for you?

This phrase can be used in both formal and casual situations and for additional help, here’s a video of the same idiom explained in a simpler way:

I hope this helps!

ー最後にー

Today’s Column:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54982910

Following last week’s news regarding a potential vaccine for COVID-19, a Chinese pharmaceutical company has also released information regarding its vaccine reaching completion. Just like the other vaccines, it claims that its efficacy (効力) is above 90%. Researchers have become positive with the situation and they hope that the vaccines would eradicate (除く) the virus before next year ends.

Remember to take care of yourself and stay safe.

Ryo